Onychomycosis is a common fungal infection of the nail. But, a specific type of onychomycosis, called white superficial onychomycosis, is less common. In fact, although onychomycosis accounts for one-third of all fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails, and half of all nail disorders, WSO only accounts for about 10 percent of onychomycosis cases.
White superficial onychomycosis, as the name suggests, affects the surface of the nail. It looks different from other types of nail fungus, so it’s important to know what to look for. This is because it requires a different treatment approach.
This article will help you understand the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and contagious nature of white superficial onychomycosis nail fungus.
What is White Superficial Onychomycosis (WSO)?
White superficial onychomycosis is a specific type of nail fungus that attacks the top layers of your nail. It’s caused by dermatophytes, which are fungi that love keratin (the protein that makes up your nails and skin).
Unlike other types of nail fungus that burrow under the nail, WSO stays on the surface. You’ll first notice small, white spots popping up. Over time, if you don’t treat it, these spots can spread and merge together, making your nail look chalky or powdery.
Eventually, the nail can become brittle and start to crumble. So, while it might seem harmless at first, it’s definitely something you want to take care of!
What causes white superficial onychomycosis?
The most common cause of white superficial onychomycosis (WSO) is a fungal infection. But what puts you at risk for developing it?
Common fungal agents
Usually, dermatophytes are the culprits, especially Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Another dermatophyte, Trichophyton rubrum, can also cause WSO.
Sometimes, other, less common fungi are the cause.
Risk factors
Some people are more susceptible to WSO than others. Risk factors include:
- Poor foot hygiene and occlusive footwear: When your feet aren’t clean and dry, and when your shoes trap moisture, the environment becomes perfect for fungal growth.
- Nail trauma or injury: If you stub your toe or otherwise damage a nail, that can create an opening for fungi to get in.
- Overuse of acetone-based nail polish removers: Acetone can dry out your nails, making them more likely to become infected.
- Underlying medical conditions: Some conditions, such as diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, and immunosuppression, can increase your risk of WSO.
Taking care of your feet and nails can help you avoid this type of fungal infection.
Symptoms and diagnosis of white superficial onychomycosis
It’s important to see a healthcare provider if you think you have nail fungus. Here’s what to look for and expect during an exam.
Recognizing the Symptoms
White superficial onychomycosis has some telltale signs. You may notice:
- White spots or patches on the nail surface. You may see just a few spots, or the spots may spread across the entire nail.
- A chalky or powdery texture. The affected area of your nail may feel rough or uneven.
- Brittleness and crumbling. Your nail may break or chip more easily than usual.
Diagnostic Methods
To find out if you have nail fungus, your doctor will likely perform these steps:
- Visual examination. A doctor can often diagnose white superficial onychomycosis just by looking at your nail.
- Microscopic examination. Your doctor may take nail scrapings and look at them under a microscope using a KOH preparation to spot fungal elements.
- Fungal culture. The doctor may also send a sample to a lab to identify the specific type of fungus, as this can help determine the best treatment.
Getting a specimen for testing is important to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment options for white superficial onychomycosis
If you think you have white superficial onychomycosis, it’s important to get a diagnosis from a doctor. They can tell you for sure whether the spots on your nails are caused by this type of fungus and recommend the best treatment.
Topical antifungal medications
One way to treat nail fungus is with a topical antifungal medication. These medications work by stopping the fungus from growing. They do this by messing with the way the fungus makes its cell membranes. You put the medication directly on the affected nail, following the directions carefully, perhaps with a toenail fungus pen.
Some common topical antifungals include amorolfine, ciclopirox, efinaconazole, and others like Jublia.
However, topical treatments may not always be enough to get rid of WSO completely. Sometimes, the medication can’t get deep enough into the nail to kill all the fungus. Also, you usually have to use these medications for several months to see results.
Oral antifungal medications
If the infection is severe or widespread, or if topical treatments haven’t worked, your doctor may prescribe oral antifungal medications. This means you take the medicine by mouth.
Some common oral antifungals are terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole.
You’ll typically need to take these medications for 6 to 12 weeks. It’s important to be aware that they can have side effects, such as elevated liver enzymes, gastrointestinal upset, and skin rash.
Terbinafine is particularly effective against dermatophytes, which are a common type of fungus that causes nail infections.
Itraconazole has a broad spectrum of activity, meaning it can kill many different types of fungi. However, it can interact with other medications you’re taking, so your doctor will need to consider this carefully. You also need to take itraconazole with food for it to be absorbed properly.
Fluconazole is another option that shows promise, especially with a once-weekly dosing schedule.
Adjuvant therapies
In addition to antifungal medications, there are other treatments that can help get rid of WSO. One is nail debridement, which involves removing the infected part of the nail. This can help topical medications penetrate better.
Laser therapy is also an emerging treatment option that shows promise.
Preventing White Superficial Onychomycosis from Spreading
The best way to deal with white superficial onychomycosis is to prevent it from happening in the first place. Here are some steps you can take to protect yourself and others.
Hygiene Habits
Good hygiene is your first line of defense:
- Keep your feet clean and dry. Wash your feet with soap and water every day, and be sure to dry them well, especially between your toes.
- Trim your nails the right way. Cut your toenails straight across and don’t cut them too short.
- Don’t share personal items. Keep your nail clippers, files, and towels to yourself.
Footwear Choices
What you wear on your feet makes a difference:
- Wear shoes and socks that breathe. Choose shoes made from materials like leather or canvas. Wear socks made of cotton or wool.
- Rotate your shoes. Give each pair of shoes a chance to dry out completely before you wear them again.
Environmental Measures
Take steps to avoid environments where fungus thrives:
- Disinfect your shoes regularly. Use antifungal sprays or powders to kill any fungi hiding inside your shoes.
- Avoid walking barefoot in public places. Wear shoes or sandals in locker rooms, public showers, and around swimming pools.
If you start to notice any signs of nail fungus, talk to your doctor right away. The sooner you get treatment, the easier it will be to get rid of the infection and keep it from coming back.
When to Seek Professional Medical Advice
It’s really important to get the right diagnosis and treatment for any nail fungus, including white superficial onychomycosis. Trying to treat it yourself can lead to problems or simply not work at all. If you think you might have WSO, see a podiatrist or dermatologist.
A doctor can make sure it’s really WSO and then recommend the best way to get rid of it. Proper treatment is key for managing WSO effectively, so don’t delay in getting professional advice. Contact Canyon Oaks Podiatry today for White Superficial Onychomycosis treatment!
Frequently Asked Questions
What happens if white superficial onychomycosis is left untreated?
If white superficial onychomycosis (WSO) is left untreated, it can spread to other parts of the nail, causing it to thicken, crumble, and even separate from the nail bed. It can also spread to other nails or even to the skin on your feet. While generally not painful at first, it can become uncomfortable and unsightly, and potentially lead to secondary bacterial infections.
Why does Vicks VapoRub work on nail fungus?
Some people find Vicks VapoRub helpful for nail fungus due to its ingredients like camphor, eucalyptus oil, and menthol, which have antifungal properties. While it might not completely cure the infection, it can help to soften the nail and potentially inhibit fungal growth in some cases. However, its effectiveness varies, and it’s not a substitute for prescription antifungal treatments.
How do I get rid of nail fungus ASAP?
Getting rid of nail fungus quickly is challenging. The most effective treatments are usually prescription oral or topical antifungal medications. Over-the-counter options are often less effective. See a doctor or podiatrist for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. Be patient, as it can take several months for the nail to fully clear.
Does Walgreens sell EMUAIDMAX?
EMUAIDMAX is a topical ointment marketed for various skin conditions, including fungal infections. You can check the Walgreens website or visit a local Walgreens store to determine if they currently stock EMUAIDMAX. Availability may vary.
Should I wear socks to bed with toenail fungus?
It’s generally recommended to wear clean, breathable cotton socks to bed if you have toenail fungus. Socks help absorb moisture, preventing the fungus from thriving in a damp environment. Change your socks daily, and consider using antifungal powder in your shoes during the day to further control moisture.
Wrapping Up
White superficial onychomycosis is treatable, especially if you catch it early. The sooner you start treatment, the less likely the infection is to spread and cause damage to your nail.
Good foot hygiene and preventive measures are crucial in keeping the infection from coming back.
If you suspect you have white superficial onychomycosis, it’s best to see a doctor to get an accurate diagnosis and find the most effective treatment for you.