Type 2 diabetes is a condition that affects your whole body. It’s most commonly known for its effects on blood sugar, but it can also affect your skin, eyes, and even your nails.
Your nails can actually tell you a lot about your overall health. Changes in nail color, texture, or shape can be signs of underlying health conditions, including diabetes. That’s why it’s important to pay attention to your nail health, especially if you have type 2 diabetes.
This article will explore the different types of nail changes that can occur with type 2 diabetes, what causes them, and how to manage them. We’ll also discuss when to see a doctor about nail problems.
Why does diabetes affect nail health?
If you have type 2 diabetes, you probably know that keeping your blood sugar in a healthy range is important for your overall health. But did you know that poorly managed blood sugar could affect your nails?
Here’s how diabetes can affect nail health:
Poor circulation
Diabetes can damage your circulatory system, reducing blood flow to your hands and feet. When blood flow is reduced, your nails may not get the nutrients they need. Poor circulation can cause your nails to grow more slowly and become more prone to infection.
Neuropathy
Diabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by diabetes. It can reduce sensation in your feet and hands, so you may not notice an injury to your feet or hands. If you bump or stub your toe, you might not feel it, and the injury could become infected.
Increased susceptibility to infections
High blood sugar levels can create an environment where fungal and bacterial infections thrive, but manuka oil may help. As a result, people with diabetes are more prone to nail infections like onychomycosis (nail fungus) and paronychia (an infection around the nail).
Common Nail Changes in Type 2 Diabetes
If you have type 2 diabetes, it’s important to pay attention to your hands and feet. Even small cuts and scrapes can become serious health issues.
Here are some of the nail changes that are more common in people with type 2 diabetes:
Onychomycosis (Fungal Nail Infection)
Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail. People with diabetes are more likely to get fungal nail infections, and they can cause pain and trouble with walking and mobility.
Symptoms of onychomycosis include:
- Thickening of the nail
- Discoloration of the nail, such as yellowing or white spots
- Brittleness of the nail
Research has shown that onychomycosis is a predictor of diabetic foot ulcers, with a hazard ratio of 1.58 (1.16–2.16).
Paronychia (Nail Fold Infection)
Paronychia is a bacterial or fungal infection of the nail folds (the skin around the nail).
Symptoms of paronychia include redness, swelling, and pain around the nail.
It’s important to get prompt treatment for paronychia to prevent complications.
Nail Discoloration
If you have type 2 diabetes, you may notice that your nails are yellow, brown, or another unusual color.
Nail discoloration can be caused by fungal infections, medications, or underlying health conditions.
Nail Thickening (Onychauxis and Onychogryphosis)
Onychauxis is a thickening of the nail. Onychogryphosis, sometimes called “Ram’s Horn nail,” is a condition in which the nail becomes curved and claw-like.
These conditions can result from trauma, poor circulation, or fungal infections. If you suspect a fungal infection, it is important to get it checked out by a healthcare professional.
Other Nail Abnormalities Associated with Diabetes
Changes to your fingernails and toenails can indicate that something’s not quite right with your health. Here are some additional nail conditions that can sometimes be related to diabetes.
Terry’s Nails
Terry’s nails are nails that are mostly white or pale, with a narrow pink or brown band at the tip. According to research, Terry’s nails are pretty common in people with diabetes.
One study found that about 45% of people with adult-onset diabetes had Terry’s nails. But it’s important to know that Terry’s nails can also be related to other conditions. One study found that 75% of people with cirrhosis of the liver had Terry’s nails, and nearly 45% of people with congestive heart failure also had them.
Beau’s Lines
Beau’s lines are horizontal grooves that appear across the nail. They can be a sign of stress, illness, or poor nutrition. They’re not specifically related to diabetes, but people with diabetes can sometimes have them.
Pincer or Trumpet Nail
Pincer or Trumpet Nail is when the nail plate curves too much from side to side.
What do black toenails and dark spots mean?
If you have type 2 diabetes, you’re probably already inspecting your feet for cuts and blisters. But what about your toenails?
Sometimes, a black toenail is caused by a subungual hematoma, which is just a fancy way of saying that you have blood under your nail. Even a small injury that you barely notice—especially if you have neuropathy—can cause this to happen.
But a black toenail or dark spot could also be melanoma, a rare but serious form of skin cancer.
That’s why it’s always a good idea to have any unexplained or persistent black spots on your nails checked out by a medical professional. Better safe than sorry!
Biochemical measurements in nails and diabetes
Scientists are always looking for new ways to understand and diagnose diabetes. Research shows that nails may offer some important clues about diabetes risk and progression.
Glycosylation
When blood sugar levels are high, sugar molecules can bind to proteins in the nails, a process called glycosylation. The level of glycosylation in nail proteins is related to blood sugar levels, so nail glycosylation could potentially be used as a diagnostic tool, especially in areas where regular blood tests are difficult to access.
Nail fructosamine analysis, another measure of glycosylation, correlates with glycated eye lens protein and glycosylated hemoglobin, both of which are important markers in diabetes management.
Mercury and selenium levels
Studies have found associations between the levels of certain minerals in toenails and the risk of developing diabetes. For example, higher levels of mercury in toenails have been linked to an increased risk of diabetes, suggesting that exposure to methylmercury may be a risk factor for the disease.
On the other hand, higher levels of selenium in toenails have been associated with a lower risk of diabetes.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do you fix diabetic toenails?
Fixing diabetic toenails requires diligent care. Keep nails short and trimmed straight across to prevent ingrown nails. Regularly inspect your feet for cuts, blisters, or infections. Moisturize daily to prevent dryness, and always wear well-fitting shoes. See a podiatrist for any concerns; don’t try to treat problems yourself.
What is diabetic tongue?
“Diabetic tongue” isn’t a formal medical term, but people with diabetes may experience oral issues like dry mouth, fungal infections (thrush), or a burning sensation. These can alter the appearance and sensation of the tongue. Good oral hygiene and managing blood sugar levels are key for prevention and treatment.
Can type 2 diabetes be reversed?
While there’s no cure for type 2 diabetes, it can often be put into remission through significant lifestyle changes like weight loss, healthy eating, and regular exercise. Remission means blood sugar levels are within a normal range without medication, but ongoing management is crucial.
What does diabetes do to your teeth?
Diabetes increases the risk of gum disease (periodontitis), tooth decay, dry mouth, and oral infections. High blood sugar levels in saliva promote bacterial growth, which damages teeth and gums. Regular dental checkups and meticulous oral hygiene are vital for people with diabetes.
How can I check my B12 level at home?
While at-home B12 tests are available, it’s best to have your B12 levels checked by a healthcare professional. These tests usually involve a blood sample you collect at home and mail to a lab. However, accuracy can vary, and it’s important to discuss the results with your doctor for proper interpretation and any necessary treatment.
Conclusion
If you have diabetes, checking your nails regularly is important. When you catch nail problems early, you can prevent more serious complications like infections and ulcers.
Taking good care of your nails is also key. Be sure to trim your toenails correctly. Cut them straight across instead of rounding the corners. If you have any problems caring for your nails yourself, consider seeking professional help through a medical pedicure.
Contact your doctor if you notice anything unusual about your nails. Remember, nail health is a key part of managing your diabetes well.